The Martians from Two Planets by Kurd Laßwitz are an advanced humanoid species from Mars who attempt to colonize Earth, believing their intervention to be beneficial to humanity. They are among the earliest depictions of intelligent alien life in science fiction literature.
Biology[]
The Martians are described as humanoid in form but physically and mentally superior to humans. Though the novel does not provide extensive physical detail, it implies that Martians are adapted to the colder, thinner atmosphere of Mars. Their evolution has led to a highly rational mindset, and they are said to have long surpassed the emotional impulses that still dominate human behavior. This biological difference reinforces their sense of superiority and influences their actions throughout the story.
History[]
The Martians have a long and stable history of technological progress and social order. By the time they appear in the novel, they have developed space travel and maintain a peaceful, highly organized society. Their discovery of Earth leads to an expedition to make contact with humans. Initially, their arrival is marked by cooperation and scientific curiosity, but as humans resist Martian control, the situation escalates into conflict. The Martians believe they are bringing enlightenment and stability to Earth, but their colonial approach mirrors that of historical human empires.
Culture and Civilization[]
Martian civilization is built on logic, reason, and technological mastery. They have eliminated war and irrational behavior from their society, creating a structured and efficient world governed by scientific principles. Their culture values order, efficiency, and a utilitarian outlook. Education and science are cornerstones of Martian life, and they view themselves as stewards of lesser civilizations. While not cruel, their cultural arrogance leads them to underestimate the value of human emotion, freedom, and resistance.
Notes[]
- Two Planets was one of rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun’s favorite novels and inspired his interest in space exploration.
- The novel is considered a foundational work in European science fiction, predating The War of the Worlds by a year.
- The Martians' attitudes and actions are often interpreted as a metaphor for European colonialism in the 19th century.
- The book's realistic approach to space travel and planetary physics was highly advanced for its time.