Silurian

Silurians is a name attributed to a sapient humanoid species which evolved on the planet Earth, long before the dawn of mankind.

Biology
They are bipedal reptilianoids with a humanoid erect posture and bodies covered in scales. Their heads sport a five-pointed crest, a pair of long flaps on the sides, a pair of large eyes and a smaller third eye on the forehead. Their mouth seems toothless and appears more fish-like than reptile-like in appearance. They usually speak in deep, guttural voices.

The Silurian third eye is able to flash bright red lights that can stun, hypnotize or even kill. It also appears that can control their technology using the third eye. Silurians are cold-blooded and need a hot environment for comfort. They are also way more resistant to cosmic rays radiation than Humans.

While possibly left out of the new series' Silurians for being "unscientific"; the third eye of the Silurians is actually consistent with what is known about the early reptile evolution. All vertebrates possess a light-sensitive spot on the brain which some believe acted as a functional third eye in the ancient ancestors of the modern groups. At least one modern day reptile, the tuatara, still possesses a degenerate third eye on the head, the parietal eye, visible in hatchlings but later covered by skin and scales in adults. If the Silurians indeed evolved during their namesake period (about 420 million years ago), they cannot be considered true reptiles in the traditional sense, since the reptile lineage had not evolved yet; and would instead represent an independent lineage, perhaps more closely related to modern lungfish and coelacanths.

History
The Silurians, along with their aquatic cousins the Sea Devils, were the original dominant native species of Earth, at least from the late Palaeozoic - early Mesozoic era (as shown by their Pangaea globe) until the time of the early human ancestors. At some point during the Eocene period, they discovered a small planetoid coming in the direction of the Earth, which although missing an impact would possibly pass close enough to rip out the atmosphere. As a result, their entire civilization was driven to the subterranean and put into stasis chambers for millions of years. Unfortunately, their reactivation mechanisms didn't work properly and they remained in stasis for much longer than planned; raising again to find a world overtaken by mankind.

Silurians are not a particularly aggressive species, but are susceptible to the same kinds of emotions as humans, including fear and racial pride; both of which ended up leading them into a war to destroy humanity and reclaim their planet. The first Silurian colony was waken up accidentally during tests with an atomic reactor in Wenley Moor, UK. While their leader was convinced by the Doctor to try to co-exist peacefully with humanity, he was murdered by a younger and more radical individual which believed war was the only solution. Being in greater number and assisted by the Doctor; which found a cure to the disease purposely spread by the Silurians; humanity won the battle and the Silurians and their caves were destroyed. However, this was later found to have been only one of hundreds of sleeping colonies, of both Silurians and Sea Devils, many more of which would be awake in the following decades and likewise engage in armed conflict against humanity.

At least some novels suggest that in the far future, peaceful coexistence between Humans and Earth's reptile races did become reality. The canonical status of these works is open for debate, but since they do not contradict official sources, it should probably be taken as canon until proven otherwise.

Period of origin
Although the Doctor himself admits that the name "Silurians" was a misnomer, and that they do not come from that period, It is still hard to consolidate the different aspects known about Silurian history to deduce which period of time they actually come from.

For instance, the globe shown in "Doctor Who and the Silurians" confirms that their civilization was around about 250 million years ago, at the time of the supercontinent Pangaea. However, they also explicitly claim to have been familiar with distant human ancestors, which they refer to as "apes" and considered as pests. This is more consistent with the Doctor's proposal that they come from the Eocene (about 45 million years ago); when although true apes did not exist yet, there were at least primates (lemurs and monkeys), which could perhaps be referred to by such name in the absence of more advanced forms (especially if translation conventions from the Silurian speech are to be considered). The creature the Silurians use as a guard of their caves - a huge reptilian beast which we are led to believe is a dinosaur - was unlikely to exist in the Eocene, though, and would feel more at home in the Triassic or possibly the Cretaceous.

Taking all these aspects together, it is reasonable to suppose that the Silurians evolved sometime around the Permian, in Pangaea; and survived through the Mesozoic era until the Eocene period, when they finally went underground. The supposed catastrophe predicted by them (and which never actually happened) at the time and that caused them to go into hibernation, could not, in any case, have been the Earth's capture of Luna like the Doctor proposed; as that event happened many billions of years ago, by far preceding all periods mentioned above, including the Silurian.

Culture
Neither peaceful nor belligerent by nature; the Silurians only attack in circumstances they interpret as threats to themselves and/or their civilization. Silurian society is ruled by a Triad. They are a scientifically advanced species, with numerous technological achievements. They have domesticated at least one kind of large reptilian predator from their time, and kept some individuals in hibernation along with themselves.

Silurian technology includes the ability to genetically modify species; including a specially created virus that would keep the early ape population in check, preventing them from devouring the Silurians' crops; and a large mutant beast known as the Myrka.

In the Cthulhu Mythos crossover novel All-Consuming Fire by Andy Lane, it is stated that some Silurians worship the Great Old One known as Azathoth.

Related species and subspecies
The Silurians are close relatives and allies of an oceanic humanoid race known as the Sea Devils; which also put their civilization into hibernation around the same time as their land cousins. Unlike the Silurians, Sea Devils do not possess a third eye, and are also easily distinguished by their wide beaked mouths and webbed feet.

As the Silurians seen in the 1970s differ in appearance slightly from those of the 1980s, and heavily from those seen in the new series; it is reasonable to suppose that there are a number of subspecies (or at least ethnic subgroups) besides the Sea Devils (which are different enough to be considered a separate species altogether). This is consistent with the idea that the Silurians inhabited the Earth continuously over a long period of time; leading to the evolution of many different forms due to genetic drift.

In the XXIst century, the 11th Doctor encountered a different kind of Silurians with more human features and lacking the characteristic third eye. He refers to them as Homo reptilia; which is Latin for "reptile men"; not a valid scientific name for the species since they aren't actual men; unless he meant Homoreptilia as a single word denoting the genus, and left out the species, in which case it could be taxonomically valid..

The Silurians found by the 11th Doctor were also the only kind seen to use hand weapons (since they didn't possess a third eye and were therefore incapable of using its deadly flashes for attack). These guns closely resemble those used by the Sea Devils; raising the possibility that these Silurians might have been more closely related to that race than the ones encountered by the 3rd and 5th incarnations of the Doctor. They could have been an intermediary species between the two, or perhaps even a race of hybrids; explaining their non-Silurian mouths and absence of the third eye.