To'ul'h

To'ul'hs are a sapient, technological species in the Orion's Arm science fiction universe, native to planet To'ul'h Prime in the H'tat'sa'thoss System. They are the first intelligent extraterrestrial species ever to be contacted by Terragens in-universe, around the 58th century CE.

Etymology
The plural for To'ul'h is To'ul'hs. Just like all other terms borrowed from the To'ul'h language in Orion's Arm, the word is an approximate transcription using Latin characters.

Anatomy and physiology
In terms of body symmetry, To'ul'hs are bilateral, though they show approximate tetraradial symmetry as well. To'ul'hs are tetrapods and possess a bony endoskeleton. The braincase is located in the middle of the body. It is thin and lightweight, cushioned by adipose tissue to absorb shock. Adults mass between 40 to 100 kg (88.2 to 220.5 lb), but typical weight is 70 kg (154.3 lb) for males and 63 kg (138.9 lb) for females.

The frontal dorsal part of the body contains three bat-like ears that a To'ul'h uses for echolocation. The central ear is powered by a lung-like organ. Hardly-noticeable eyespots on the dorsal surface allow a To'ul'h to detect light but not form an image out of it.

The four limbs look very much alike, organized into frontal and hind pairs. However, the hind limbs are stronger, heavier and keen at jumping. The fore and hind limbs are connected with retractable patagia, providing the ability to glide. Certain birth defects can render a To'ul'h unable to fly.

All four limbs are segmented into three and end with hand-like structures. Each hand has six fingers and two thumbs, thus making a To'ul'h octodactyl and giving the impression that land locomotion is digitigrade. Unlike human hands, the eight digits are arranged symmetrically.

Being a heterotrophic organism, a To'ul'h possess an internal digestive system. It begins with sideways-opening mandibles between the forelimbs and ends with an anus between the hind limbs, both being ventral openings. The stomach and intestines are located in the ventral central part of the body, protected by fat like the braincase. Mastication is carried out by a gizzard on the forepart of the stomach rather than by teeth in the mouth. After nutrient absorption in the intestines, liquid waste and excess salts are excreted through the anus.

A To'ul'h has three lungs, with the two being responsible for respiration being located between the pairs of limbs. These two book-lungs are independent and have one opening (spiracle) to both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Breathing is rather complex. With normal exercise, air just flows between the dorsal spiracles, helped by limb movement. With heavy exercise however, air can be pumped by opening endings in both surfaces in turns, providing greater oxygen uptake and cooling at the expense of greater hydration.

Blood composition and appearance is never specified, though the circulatory system resembles that of an Earth echinoderm, pumped by three hearts. Like humans, the cardiovascular system is divided into pulmonary and systematic systems. However, instead of having a single, chambered heart; two hearts are connected to the lungs, with another one pumping oxygenated blood into the body.

A To'ul'h exhibits no external genitalia and is either male or female, being a sexually-reproducing dioecious species. The genitalia are comparable to the pedipalps found on spiders, and fertilization is internal.

Diversity
Modern To'ul'hs consist of pygmy, average and giant races. It is heavily implied that To'ul'hs, like humans, are a single species and subspecies. In the right image, considering that the man is 1.8 meters tall, that would make an average To'ul'h 1.46 meters tall and a giant one 1.92 meters tall.

Around 180,000 years ago, the First Plague, an extraterrestrial virus that came to To'ul'h Prime via a meteorite impact, infected the To'ul'hs and almost wiped out the giant racial phenotype.

Environmental requirements
Taxonomically, To'ul'hs belong to the hyperthermophile superkingdom, a group of organisms with an optimal physiological temperature of 135 ºC. Without some form of conditioning (such as clothing or hydration), a To'ul'h dies at temperatures cooler than 100 ºC or higher than 150 ºC.

Adapted to an atmospheric pressure of about 60 atmospheres, they can nonetheless withstand short-tem exposures of as little as 10 atmospheres and longer terms exposure of 50 atmospheres. Earth-like pressure is immediately fatal, resulting in bodily fluids boiling away. To'ul'hs are aerobic like humans, but die with an oxygen concentration lower than 7% or higher than 15%.

Drinking pure or alkaline water has a more fatal effect in To'ul'hs than in humans. They can however, drink from fresh moderately acidic (pH 4) to hypersaline water, excreting excess salt in the last case. Earth-like sunlight intensity can blind their eyespots and ultraviolet radiation produces severe burns.

Evolutionary history
To'ul'hs and all life on their homeworld had a common, prokaryotic, single-celled ancestor roughly 2 billion years ago, while Earth was having its Orosirian period. Some point after that, that common ancestor diversified into three different prokaryotic superkingdoms that would eventually and independently create multicellular eukaryotic life.

One of these multicellular eukaryotes evolved into crinoid-like sessile organisms with tetraradial symmetry, which would eventually give to the dominant animal phylum to which the To'ul'hs belong. Roughly 400,000 years before humans first landed on the Moon, modern baseline To'ul'hs appeared, making them twice as old as the Homo sapiens sapiens.

Senses
A To'ul'h's primary sense is based on sound. Three large bat-like ears are used for this. A To'ul'h can just listen and still get a lot of information about a place. This passive form of sonar can help a To'ul'h image a low-resolution picture of something up to one kilometer away. However, the central ear can produce ultrasonic chirps in 50-200 kHz range to define features as small as half a millimeter within a 20 meter radius; this is named echolocation or active sonar.

Besides, the forelimbs contain organs that generate and sense weak electric fields within the range of a meter, constituting a To'ul'h's second most important sense: electroreception. On land, it allows detection of distant storms. It is more helpful on water or mud than on land though, since nearby creatures can be detected this way. On land, a To'ul'h is able to detect the magnetic field of the planet and use it for orientation (magnetoreception).

Touch is very sensitive, especially on their hands and the overall ventral surface. To'ul'hs can also taste with their hands, in order to distinguish between edible and poisonous saprophytes or track prey. Smell is also very acute. Arguably, their least sophisticated sense is that of sight. With a dark and noisy environment, hearing resulted more useful than seeing. Eyespots do allow a To'ul'h to perceive light, but not form an image. Hence, they are functionally blind, and capable of no more than telling light from dark.

Psychology
Despite all the differences between humans and To'ul'hs, there are simmilarities in developmental history and reproduction with a profound impact between both species understanding each other's psyche and society. They are as capable of concentration and rational thinking as humans, which is necessary to understand science and invent technologies that rely on patient planning rather than eureka moments.

However, having sonar and electroreception has a profound influence in their method of thinking. Not having sight distances To'ul'hs from understanding humans, bringing them closer to getting literary concepts of other blind species, such as the ancient space-faring Muuh.

To'ul'h metaphors are based on the properties of sound, since light is not something positive and are afraid of occassional clear patches formed on the sky in the same way a human might fear lightning. In fact, their version of Heaven is that of a warm, damp and dark place, while the human vision of it as something fresh and brilliant embodies their vision of Hell.

Art
Human art analogs among To'ul'hs are best appreciated through touch, hearing or sonar. Sculptures examplify this. Their electric sense also allows to appreciate the amazing "visual" properties of metals. A notable To'ul'h art, never developed by humans, is that of polmusic. Polmusic is an amalgamation of politics, poetry, music, logic and rhetoric. Though humans are inherentedly unable to grasp its essentials, some uplifted cetaceans claim to be able to do so.

Poetry and literature are known to have been made by the To'ul'hs. The Great and Terrifying Journey of the H’kal’sha Brothers to the Summit of Mt. 'Thass'thon' is an epic poem written down by Hath'jo the Younger, one of the Six Great Poets of Sh'lakh'sha.

Beliefs and religion
Many of ancient To'ul'h religions appear to be polytheistic. For example, the religion of the K'bakh'tho League had 512 deities. A later society believed in Aldas'tha, the goddess of love; and 'Landa, a terrifying sky god who had a child.

Commonly, deities are placed in the underground, since it is closer to the To'ul'h vision of Heaven. The religion of the K'bak'tho League broke this norm however, placing their 512 deities on top of Mount 'Thass'thon'. This is unusual because being closer the sky meant that these deities (presumably benevolent) where dwelling in a hellish realm.

It is unclear what status religion and supernatural belief have today among To'ul'hs, but some have converted into Terragen religions, namely Islam.

Communication and language
Perphaps surpringly, To'ul'hs communicate using sound despite their noisy and astoundingly loud environment, speaking with their ventral respiratory openings. However, their environment would mean no impediment at all if the are able to produce sounds with a higher pitch. Since their To'ul'h can produce ultrasounds for echolocation, this is likely the case.

For millennia, To'ul'hs have had means for recording history and enabling long-distance communication through writing. Letters, ideographs and glyphs are carved rather than written however, in order to be read by active sonar or touch. Anyway, To'ul'h writing resembles anything from runes to braille.

Though there are or have been hundreds of languages, the common language is To'ul'ho'lo'ss, which was already in existence in existence 30 millennia before present. Strangely, though To'ul'ho'lo'ss names can be translated as written words in Latin characters, many of them are unpronouceable in English. Names such as H'th'h'h, H'sh'l'ho'th'th or Ho'th'hss'lho exemplify this. Furthermore, what the apostrophes (found in virtually every To'ul'h-related word) are used for is never explained.

Cultural diversity
Though limited to a sole planet before contacting humanity, To'ul'hs created a vast range of cultures based on radically different worldviews, due to their long history. Analogs of Capitalism, Christianity, Confucianism, Fascism, Hinduism, Humanism, Marxism, Neoplatonism, Stocism and Taoism have all at least emerged once, as well the in-universe ideologies of Etodism and Negentropism.

Due to the long history of civilization in To'ul'h Prime, the cultures that have persisted the test of time are those which promoted harmony and balance, rather than change.

Customs and traditions
A persistent custom among their society is that of ritual cannibalism, eating the dead. Since animal meat was rare in many agrarian societies and To'ul'hs are omnivores, this led to families eating the dead bodies of their loved ones. Over time, this custom has acquired a religious facet, to the point that it is blasphemous today for non-relatives of the deceased to eat their bodies. At least one culture in antiquity, the Gla'shoo'ath, practised trepanning (making a hole in the skull for medicinal or spiritual reasons).

Government
To'ul'hs are known to have had patrilineal monarchy as a form of government, at least in the region of Kaze'hntis around 37,500 BT. At least two kingdoms are known to have existed, Gla'shoo'ath and H'faah'lahn.

Science and technology
To'ul'hs today are completely integrated within Terragen society, thus currently being equal in scientific knowledge and technological prowess. For this reason, it makes more sense to talk about the science and technology that was genuinely invented by them before contact with Terragens.

To'ul'hs use a base 8 numeral system. This is due to having 8 digits on each hand. As a consequence, multiples of eight such as 64, 512 and 4,096 are frequently found in their culture.

Prior to contact with Terragens, To'ul'hs had reached the Industrial Age, but had never become fully immersed in it for a variety of reasons. There are no coal or gas deposits on To'ul'h Prime, so the energy needed to boost them from industry to space travel was absent. Nevertheless, electricity was an early discovery, because To'ul'hs are capable of electroreception.

To'ul'hs did develop steam engines, but they were not as practical as they resulted on Earth due to the much potent fires needed in high pressure and lower oxygen levels. Inspired on floating fauna, dirigibles were invented, but even their use was limited by the cost of getting and heating the needed gases. Dirigibles allowed the rise of skywhale-hunting cultures seven millennia before man first set foot on the Moon.

Due to absence of fossil fuels, internal combustion vehicles were commodities only affordable to aristocrats. The major cities of the Narrow Sea had methane-powered cars, with oils refined from cloudforest plants.

Science never became an enterprise of its own in To'ul'h Prime, because many inventions and vehicles needed for discoveries were exceptionally expensive. However, it is implied that To'ul'hs had knowledge of physics and geology; because by the time of contact with Terragens, they already knew that their planet was round and had an age of millions of years.

Chemistry had advanced to the point of constructing a periodic table of elements and building batteries, which means that To'ul'hs were aware of the electric nature of matter before Terragen contact. Furthermore, the fact they could refine hydrocarbons from plant matter implies that they knew about organic chemistry and biochemistry.

It is implied that astronomy did not even exist before Terragen contact, because the dense atmosphere enveloping the To'ul'h homeworld prevents any observation of the nightsky.

History
Like humans, To'ul'hs had a long Stone Age, primarily living around water bodies. They were first limited to tribes on shorelines and fungal swamps, which interacted through trade, war and intermarriage. Some populations later migrated to the continental plateaus and settled along rivers.

The use of fire was known but rare back then, since oxygen has a lower molar fraction on To'ul'h Prime's air. Since metals easily rust and corrode in their environment, To'ul'hs had no other choice but to fashion their tools out of obsidian. This volcanic glass is composed of silicates and metal oxides, so it is acid-resistant and cannot rust. By this time, To'ul'hs were skilled enough for pottery and woving baskets.

About 100,000 years ago, To'ul'hs entered the Agricultural Age, and began settling permanently alongside seas and rivers five millennia later. The new system consisted of providing certain parts of land with water and organic matter, and plant fungi spores or sponge seeds. However, agriculture never reached its full potential, since the land productivity is similar to that of Australia.

Timeline
Certain portion of To'ul'h history can be divided into three epochs, marked by the catastrophic eruption of Mount 'Thass'thon' and the contact with Terragens, shown as followed.
 * c. 400,000 BT - First anatomically and behaviorally-modern To'ul'hs speciate from their ancestors, beginning to live as bands of semi-nomadic foragers.
 * c. 95,000 BT - To'ul'hs have agriculture by this time, along with tools made of obsidian and ceramic.

Pre-eruption (72,500 BT to 37,500 BT)

 * c. 72,500 BT - The Necropolis Civilization (also known as the First Ones) become the first society to emerge on To'ul'h Prime. Members of this civilization use the psychotropic landsponge known as tho'rahl'shothan for recreational purposes, though not possibly being the first ones to do that.


 * c. 37,500 BT - Supervulcano 'Thass'thon' erupts, resulting in the death of tens of millions of To'ul'hs in the most destructive event their history.

Post-eruption or Pre-contact (37,499 BT to 4010 AT)

 * c. 30,000 BT - The oldest written recordings in To'ul'hoss language are made.
 * 25,883 BT - Beginning of the To'ul'h Calendar, 'Ha'ts'ul in To'ul'hoss language.
 * c. 7500 BT - The most recent skywhale-hunting cultures end.
 * 3831 AT - Terragens discover To'ul'hs through the MPA ship Fortunate Cloud, but decide to observe them instead of revealing themselves.

Post-contact (4011 AT onwards)

 * 4011 AT - Terragen-To'ul'h first contact is made. Shortly after, the To'ul'hs are invited to join the Terragen civilization, beginning a renaissance era on their homeworld.
 * 4211 AT - The first intra-To'ul'h conflict occurs, between the Spacer and Homeworlder factions.
 * 4300 AT - To'ul'hs have already integrated Terragen technology and ideas to their culture.
 * 4318 AT - First humans to ever be killed by To'ul'hs. The incident takes place on the Eithne habitat orbiting To'ul'h Prime.
 * 4328 AT - The Homeworlder faction expels the Spacer faction.
 * 4511 AT - Ideological tensions rise between the Spacer and Homeworlder factions, resulting in the major intra-To'ul'h conflict since Terragen contact, the Spacer-Homeworlder Wars.
 * 4645 AT - The Spacers' final assault on To'ul'h Prime is intercepted by transapient O'hoth'so'toh, also known as Smoking Mirror, who is affiliated with the Caretakers. He declares To'ul'h Prime under his sovereignity, establishing the current administration.
 * 4720s AT - Nearbaseline To'ul'h H'th'h'h begins to live in the megastructure of Kiyoshi, experimenting the nomadic philosophy of the Vagabond Way.
 * 4750s AT - H'th'h'h converts into Islam and begins to passionately study the Qur'an for months.
 * 4793 AT - H'th'h'h arrives and pilgrimages on Medina, a Terragen Islamic world, to explore and learn in the virtual reconstructions of the Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.
 * 4912 AT - After preaching to other To'ul'hs, H'th'h'h has developed a sizable following and expose their plans of terraforming and colonizing a world with Muslim To'ul'hs to the Stellar Umma.
 * 4998 AT - H'th'h'h and his followers arrive at their target system for colonization, the third world of the H'sh'l'ho'th'th System. The Stellar Umma provides the colonists with the needed mediums to accomplish terraforming.
 * 5042 AT - H'me'ch has been terraformed for To'ul'h habitation and is subsequently settled by 30,000 To'ul'h colonists, 20,000 AIs and 500 xenosplices.
 * 5900s AT - Many non-To'ul'hs begin to visit H'me'ch.
 * 6000s AT - H'me'ch is renowned by the Stellar Umma for its philosophers and culture.
 * 6001 AT - H'th'h'h ascends to the first toposophic level, effectively becoming a post-To'ul'h.
 * 6833 AT - H'th'h'h disappears from the Stellar Umma, perphaps to continue to preach other extraterrestrial factions about Islam.
 * 8753 AT - H'me'ch is annexed to the Wormhole Nexus.

Future events

 * 11053 AT - The To'ul'h Calendar completes its first Great Year. Apocalyptic or historical events happen at this time, according to some cults.